Graphs are data structures that model relationships between objects. Traditionally, graphs are directed, meaning that the relationships between objects have a specific direction. However, an interesting approach is the use of undirected relational graphs.

A boids simulation is a computer program that simulates the behavior of flocks of birds, schools of fish, or swarms of insects. It was first introduced by computer scientist Craig Reynolds in 1986. The simulation is based on three simple rules that dictate how the individual agents in the simulation (called "boids") move and interact with each other, resulting in complex emergent behavior similar to that observed in real-life flocks or schools.